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''Pospolite ruszenie'' ((:pɔspɔˈlitɛ ruˈʂɛɲɛ), lit. ''mass mobilization''; "Noble Host",〔 ,〔 the French term ''levée en masse'' is also used〔) is a name for the mobilisation of armed forces during the period of the Kingdom of Poland and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The tradition of wartime mobilisation of part of the population existed from before the 13th century to the 19th century. In the later era, ''pospolite ruszenie'' units were formed from the ''szlachta'' (Polish "nobility"). The ''pospolite ruszenie'' was eventually outclassed by professional forces. ==Rise == Before the 13th century, the feudal levy of knights was the customary method employed in the raising of Polish armies in the Kingdom of Poland of the Late Middle Ages.〔〔 The earliest mentions of the term can be traced to the reign of Władysław I the Elbow-high (1320–1333).〔 Statutes of Casimir the Great made the service in the military obligatory for all knights-landowners, under the penalty of land confiscation.〔 The more wealthy knights provided a lances fournies unit (known in Poland as ''kopia''), and the less prosperous ones served as a light horseman or even infantryman.〔 They were obliged to take arms and defend the country, and to participate in wars in foreign lands.〔 As the knights (later, nobles - the szlachta class) started to acquire privileges, some of them began to change the way that the ''pospolite ruszenie'' functioned.〔〔 The length of the service was set at two weeks. The Privilege of Buda of 1355 required the king to compensate any losses incurred by the nobles in wars abroad, and the Privilege of Koszyce of 1374 required him to pay the ransom for any nobles taken into captivity during wars abroad.〔〔 A privilege of 1388 extended that compensation for losses incurred when defending the country and confirmed that the nobles were to receive a monetary wage for their participation and that they should be consulted with by the king beforehand.〔 The early ''pospolite ruszenie'' also put the requirement of military service on the landowning knights in the priesthood, and on the peasant leaders (sołtys and wójts).〔 The few townsfolk who owned land estates would also have the obligation to serve.〔 It could be called by the king, or in his absence and in dire need, from the 14th century, the starost of the affected territory.〔 From 1454 another privilege (the Privilege of Cerkwica, confirmed the same year by the Statutes of Nieszawa) made the calling of a pospolite ruszenie conditional on the agreement of the local sejmik (regional parliament) and, by the end of the 15th century, this required the agreement of the national parliament, the sejm.〔〔〔 Some of the above privileges were extorted by the szlachta from the king, as a ''pospolite ruszenie'' was known to refuse to act unless more privileges were granted to it (this was the case, for example, in 1454).〔〔〔 ''Pospolite ruszenie'' units were usually organized based on a territorial and administrative division of Kingdom of Poland (later, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth), within units known as voivodeships (Latin 'palatinate'), and smaller ones.〔 The knights (nobles) would be gathered by castellans and voivodes, who led them to the chosen points where the command would pass to the military commanders (hetmans) or the king.〔 The units would be organized into units of about 50-120 strong (chorągiew), based on their territorial origin.〔 There were some exceptions, as the most powerful magnates would form their own chorągiews.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「pospolite ruszenie」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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